How to Choose the Right Climbing Harness

I. Introduction to Climbing Harnesses

When it comes to rock climbing, having the right equipment is crucial for safety and performance. One of the most important pieces

There are several types of climbing harnesses available on the market, each designed for different types of climbing activities. The most common types include sport climbing harnesses, trad climbing harnesses, and alpine climbing harnesses. Sport climbing harnesses are lightweight and designed for quick and easy ascents, while

When choosing a climbing harness, it’s important to consider factors such as fit, comfort, and safety features. A properly fitting harness should be snug but not too tight, and should distribute the weight evenly across the waist and thighs. Comfort features such as padding and adjustable leg loops can make a big difference during long climbs.

In terms of safety features, look for a harness that has a strong and secure belay loop, as well as reinforced tie-in points. Some harnesses also come with gear loops for carrying equipment such as carabiners and quickdraws. Additionally, consider the type of buckles used on the harness. Auto-locking buckles are easy to u

II. Importance of Choosing the Right Climbing Harness

Choosing the right climbing harness is crucial for any climber, whether you are a beginner or an experienced professional. A climbing harness is a vital piece of equipment that ensures your safety and comfort while scaling cliffs, mountains, or indoor climbing walls. It is essential to select a harness that fits well, is durable, and meets your specific clim

1. Safety First: Protecting Your Life

When it comes to climbing, safety should always be your top priority. A well-fitting and properly adjusted climbing harness can mean the difference between life and death in the event of a fall. A harness acts as a secure attachment point, distributing the force of a fall evenly across your body and preventing serious injuries. It is designed to keep you suspended in the air until help arrives or you can regain your footing.

Choosing a climbing harness that meets industry safety standards is essential. Look for harnesses that are certified by reputable organizations such as the UIAA (International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation) or the CE (Conformité Européene). These certifications ensure that the harness has undergone rigorous testing and meets the necessary safety requirements.

2. Comfort for Extended Climbing Sessions

Comfort is another crucial factor to consider when choosing a climbing harness. Climbing often involves spending long hours on the wall or in the mountains, and an uncomfortable harness can quickly become a hindrance. Look for harnesses with padded waist belts and leg loops to provide cushioning and reduce pressure points.

Additionally, adjustable straps and buckles allow you to customize the fit of the harness to your body shape and size. This ensures a snug and secure fit, preventing the harness from shifting or riding up during climbs. A well-fitting harness will allow you to focus on your climbing technique and enjoy the experience without discomfort or distractions.

3. Durability and Longevity

A climbing harness is an investment, and you want it to last for many climbing adventures to come. Choosing a harness made from high-quality materials, such as durable nylon or polyester webbing, ensures its longevity. Reinforced stitching and robust construction add to the harness’s durability, making it capable of withstanding the rigors of climbing.

Regular inspections and maintenance are also essential to prolonging the life of your harness. Check for any signs of wear and tear, such as frayed webbing or damaged buckles, before each climb. Replace any worn-out components promptly to ensure your safety.

4. Versatility for Different Climbing Styles

Every climber has their own preferred style, whether it’s sport climbing, trad climbing, or bouldering. Choosing a climbing harness that suits your specific climbing style is important fo

For sport climbers, a lightweight and minimalist harness is often preferred, as it allows for greater freedom of movement. Trad climbers, on the other hand, may opt for a harness with additional gear loops and a higher weight capacity to accommodate their rack of protection.

Bouldering harnesses are typically designed with a focus on mobility and flexibility, allowing climbers to move freely without the hindrance of excess padding or gear loops.

5. Confidence and Peace of Mind

Lastly, choosing the right climbing harness gives you the confidence and peace of mind to push your limits and explore new heights. When you tr

Knowing that you have chosen a harness that meets safety standards, fits well, and is suited to your climbing style allows you to fully immerse yourself in the experience. This confidence can enhance your climbing abilities and open doors to new challenges and achievements.

III. Factors to Consider When Choosing a Climbing Harness

When it comes to climbing, safety should always be your top priority. And one of the most crucial pieces of equipment you’ll need is a climbing harness. But with so many options available on the market, how do you choose the right one? Here are some factors to consider:

1. Fit and Comfort

One of the most important factors to consider when choosing a climbing harness is the fit and comfort. A harness that doesn’t fit properly can be uncomfortable and even dangerous. Look for a harness that has adjustable leg loops and waist belt to ensure a snug fit. It should feel secure without being too tight or restrictive.

Additionally, consider the padding and breathability of the harness. Climbing can be physically demanding, so you’ll want a harness that provides adequate support and ventilation to keep you comfortable during long climbs.

2. Type of Climbing

The type of climbing you plan to do will also influence your choice of harness. Different harnesses are designed for different types of climbing, such as sport climbing, trad climbing, or mountaineering. Sport climbing harnesses are typically lightweight and have mini

Consider the specific needs of your climbing style and choose a harness that is suitable for the type of climbing you’ll be doing most frequently.

3. Safety Features

When it comes to safety, you want a harness that is reliable and built to withstand the forces of a fall. Look for harnesses that meet industry safety standards, such as those certified by the UIAA (International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation) or the CE (European Conformity).

Additionally, check for features like reinforced tie-in points, sturdy buckles, and strong stitching. These safety features can provide peace of mind and ensure that your harness will hold up in critical situations.

4. Gear Loops and Storage

If you’re planning on carrying a lot of gear with you, consider the number and placement of gear loops on the harness. Gear loops are essential for attaching carabiners, quickdraws, and other climbing equipment. Look for harnesses with enough gear loops to accommodate your needs.

Some harnesses also come with additional storage options, such as haul loops or ice clipper slots. These can be useful if you’ll be doing multi-pitch climbs or ice climbing.

5. Price

While price shouldn’t be the sole determining factor, it’s important to consider your budget when choosing a climbing harness. Higher-priced harnesses often offer more advanced features and materials, but that doesn’t mean you can’t find a reliable and safe harness at a lower price point.

Do your research, read reviews, and compare prices to find a harness that offers the best value for your money.

6. Brand Reputation

Finally, consider the reputation of the brand when choosing a climbing harness. Established brands with a history of producing high-quality climbing gear are often a safe bet. Look for brands that have a strong presence in the climbing community and are

However, don’t discount lesser-known brands. They may offer innovative features or competitive prices that make them worth considering.

Remember, choosing the right climbing harness is a personal decision that depends on your individual needs and preferences. Take the time to try on different harnesses, ask for recommendations from experienced climbers, and consider renting or borrowing a harness before making a final purchase. By carefully considering these factors, you’ll be well-equipped to make an informed decision and enjoy a safe and comfortable climbing experience.

IV. Types of Climbing Harnesses

When it comes to climbing, having the right harness is essential for your safety and comfort. There are several types of climbing harnesses available, each designed for specific purposes and preferences. In this section, we will explore the different types of climbing harnesses and their features to help you choose the right one for your needs.

1. Traditional Harness

The traditional harness, also known as a sit harness, is the most common type of climbing harness. It consists of a waist belt and leg loops connected by webbing straps. This harness provides a secure and comfortable fit, distributing the weight evenly across your waist and legs. It is suitable for a wide range of climbing activities, including sport climbing, trad climbing, and mountaineering.

When choosing a traditional harness, look for adjustable leg loops and a padded waist belt for added comfort. It should also have gear loops for attaching carabiners, quickdraws, and other climbing equipment. Some traditional harnesses also come with a haul loop at the back for carrying additional gear.

2. Sport Harness

If you primarily engage in sport climbing, a sport harness is the ideal choice. This type of harness is designed for maximum mobility and minimal weight. It features thinner padding and narrower waist belts and leg loops compared to traditional harnesses. The reduced bulk allows for greater freedom of movement, making it easier to perform dynamic moves on the rock.

Sport harnesses often have multiple gear loops for quick and easy access to your climbing gear. They may also have a reinforced belay loop for added durability. When selecting a sport harness, consider the level of comfort, breathability, and the number of gear loops that suit your climbing style.

3. Big Wall Harness

For those who enjoy long multi-pitch climbs or big wall climbing, a big wall harness is a must-have. These harnesses are specifically designed to provide maximum comfort and support during extended periods of hanging or sitting in the harness. They feature thick padding on the waist belt and leg loops to minimize pressure points and distribute the weight evenly.

Big wall harnesses often have additional features such as adjustable leg risers for easy maneuvering, multiple gear loops for organizing gear, and haul loops for hauling heavy loads. Look for a big wall harness that offers ample padding, adjustable fit, and sufficient gear storage options to accommodate your needs on long climbs.

4. Alpine Harness

When venturing into alpine environments, an alpine harness is essential. These harnesses are designed to be lightweight, compact, and versatile. They are specifically built for glacier travel, ski mountaineering, and other technical alpine pursuits.

Alpine harnesses often feature detachable leg loops for easy donning and doffing, as well as adjustable waist belts to accommodate different layers of clothing. They may also have ice clipper slots for attaching ice screws and other ice climbing gear. Look for an alpine harness that is lightweight, packable, and has the necessary features for your alpine adventures.

5. Women’s Harness

Women’s harnesses are designed with the female anatomy in mind, offering a more comfortable and secure fit for women climbers. They typically have a narrower waist belt and longer rise to accommodate the hips and waist of women. The leg loops are also contoured to fit the female body shape.

Women’s harnesses come in various styles, including traditional, sport, and big wall harnesses. When choosing a women’s harness, consider the level of comfort, adjustability, and the specific features that suit your climbing needs.

Remember, selecting the right climbing harness is crucial for your safety and enjoyment while climbing. Consider your climbing style, the type of routes you will be climbing, and your personal preferences when choosing a harness. Always prioritize comfort, fit, and functionality to ensure a successful and enjoyable climbing experience.

V. Key Features to Look for in a Climbing Harness

When it comes to climbing, having the right gear is essential for your safety and enjoyment. One of the most important pieces of equipment you’ll need is a climbing harness. A climbing harness is designed to distribute your weight evenly and provide support while you’re scaling rock faces or navigating challenging terrain. With so many options available on the market, it can be overwhelming to choose the right one. To help you make an informed decision, here are some key features to look for in a climbing harness:

1. Comfort and Fit

Comfort should be your top priority when selecting a climbing harness. You’ll be spending long hours wearing it, so it’s crucial to find one that fits you well and feels comfortable against your skin. Look for harnesses with adjustable leg loops and waist belts to ensure a customized fit. Consider the padding and breathability of the harness, as these factors can greatly enhance your overall comfort during climbs.

2. Durability and Strength

A climbing harness is subjected to a lot of wear and tear, so it’s important to choose one that is built to last. Look for harnesses made from high-quality materials such as nylon or polyester, which offer excellent durability and strength. Check for reinforced stitching and robust buckles that can withstand the rigors of climbing. It’s also advisable to choose a harness that meets industry safety standards, such as UIAA or CE certifications.

3. Gear Loops and Storage

Having easy access to your climbing gear is essential for a smooth and efficient climb. Look for a harness that features multiple gear loops where you can attach carabiners, quickdraws, and other essential equipment. The number and placement of gear loops vary between harness models, so consider your specific needs and preferences. Additionally, some harnesses come with additional storage options such as zippered pockets or haul loops, which can be handy for carrying extra gear or snacks.

4. Adjustability and Versatility

A versatile climbing harness will adapt to different climbing styles and conditions. Look for a harness with adjustable leg loops and waist belts, as these allow for a

5. Safety Features

Safety should always be your top priority when climbing, and your harness plays a crucial role in keeping you secure. Look for harnesses with a reliable and easy-to-use belay loop, which is the central point for attaching your climbing rope. Double-back buckles or auto-locking buckles are also desirable features, as they provide an extra layer of security by preventing accidental loosening or slippage. Additionally, consider harnesses with reinforced tie-in points for added durability and safety.

By considering these key features, you’ll be well-equipped to choose the right climbing harness for your needs. Remember, a harness is an investment in your safety and comfort, so take the time to research and try out different options before making a decision. Happy climbing!

VI. Proper Fit and Sizing of a Climbing Harness

Choosing the right climbing harness is crucial for your safety and comfort during your climbing adventures. It is essential to find a harness that fits you properly and provides the necessary support. In this section, we will discuss the importance of proper fit and sizing of a climbing harness and provide you with some tips to ensure you choose the right one.

1. Understanding the Importance of Proper Fit

Having a climbing harness that fits you properly is vital for your safety. A well-fitting harness will distribute the weight evenly across your body, reducing the risk of injury and discomfort. It will also prevent the harness from riding up or shifting during climbs, ensuring a secure and stable connection to the rope.

When a harness is too loose, it can lead to slipping or even falling out of the harness in extreme cases. On the other hand, a harness that is too tight can restrict your movement and cause discomfort, making it difficult to focus on your climb.

2. Measuring for the Right Size

Before purchasing a climbing harness, it is essential to measure yourself accurately to determine the right size. Here’s how you can do it:

• Waist Measurement: Use a tape measure to measure around your waist, just above your hip bones. Make sure the tape measure is snug but not too tight.
• Leg Loop Measurement: Measure around the thickest part of your thigh, ensuring the tape measure is snug but comfortable.

Once you have these measurements, refer to the manufacturer’s sizing chart to find the appropriate size for your measurements. Keep in mind that different brands may have slightly different sizing, so always refer to the specific brand’s guidelines.

3. Trying on the Harness

While measuring yourself is a good starting point, it is essential to try on the harness before making a final decision. Here are some tips for trying on a climbing harness:

• Put on the harness and fasten it securely. Make sure the waist belt is centered and sits comfortably above your hips.
• Adjust the leg loops to ensure a snug fit without being too tight or restrictive.
• Check for any pressure points or discomfort. Move around and simulate climbing movements to see how the harness feels.
• Ensure that the harness allows for a full range of motion without restricting your movements.

If possible, try hanging in the harness to get a better sense of how it feels when bearing weight. This will give you a more accurate idea of the harness’s comfort and fit.

4. Considering Personal Preferences

While proper fit and sizing are essential, it is also important to consider your personal preferences when choosing a climbing harness. Some climbers prefer a lightweight harness for increased mobility, while others prioritize additional padding for added comfort during long climbs.

Consider the type of climbing you will be doing and the specific features that are important to you. For example, if you plan on doing multi-pitch climbs, a harness with gear loops and ample storage may be beneficial.

5. Seeking Professional Advice

If you are unsure about choosing the right climbing harness or need additional guidance, don’t hesitate to seek advice from professionals or experienced climbers. They can provide valuable insights and recommendations based on their own experiences.

Visiting a local climbing gear store or reaching out to climbing communities and forums can also be helpful in finding the right harness for your needs.

Remember, the right climbing harness is an investment in your safety and comfort. Take the time to find the perfect fit, and you’ll be ready to tackle any climbing challenge that comes your way.

VII. Safety Standards and Certifications for Climbing Harnesses

When it comes to climbing harnesses, safety should always be the top priority. Whether you’re a seasoned climber or a beginner, choosing a harness that meets the highest safety standards is crucial. In this section, we will explore the various safety standards and certifications that you should look for when selecting a climbing harness.

1. UIAA Certification

The International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (UIAA) is the governing body for climbing and mountaineering worldwide. They have established stringent safety standards for climbing equipment, including harnesses. Look for a climbing harness that is UIAA certified, as this ensures that it has undergone rigorous testing and meets the highest safety standards.

UIAA certification guarantees that the harness has been tested for strength, durability, and performance. It also ensures that the harness is designed to distribute forces evenly in the event of a fall, reducing the risk of injury. When purchasing a climbing harness, always check for the UIAA certification label to ensure that you are getting a reliable and safe product.

2. CE Certification

In addition to UIAA certification, another important safety standard to look for is the CE certification. CE stands for Conformité Européene, which means “European Conformity” in French. This certification indicates that the climbing harness complies with the safety requirements set by the European Union.

The CE certification ensures that the harness has been tested and meets the essential safety and performance requirements. It covers various aspects, including the strength of the materials, the construction of the harness, and the functionality of the buckles and other components. When choosing a climbing harness, make sure it has the CE certification to ensure its safety and reliability.

3. EN Certification

The EN certification is another important safety standard to consider when selecting a climbing harness. EN stands for European Norm, and it is a set of standards that define the requirements for various types of personal protective equipment, including climbing harnesses.

The EN certification ensures that the harness has undergone rigorous testing and meets the safety standards set by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). It covers aspects such as strength, durability, and performance. Look for a climbing harness that has the EN certification to ensure that it has been tested and approved for use in climbing activities.

4. ASTM Certification

While the UIAA, CE, and EN certifications are widely recognized in Europe, it is important to note that the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) sets the safety standards for climbing equipment in the United States. If you are based in the U.S. or plan to climb there, look for a climbing harness that is ASTM certified.

The ASTM certification ensures that the harness meets the safety requirements set by the ASTM International. It covers aspects such as strength, construction, and performance. When choosing a climbing harness in the U.S., always check for the ASTM certification to ensure its safety and compliance with the local standards.

5. UIAA Safety Label

In addition to the UIAA certification, the UIAA also provides a safety label that indicates the specific type of climbing harness and its intended use. The safety label includes information such as the maximum load capacity, the type of harness (e.g., sit harness, chest harness), and any additional features or restrictions.

When purchasing a climbing harness, always check for the UIAA safety label to ensure that it is suitable for your specific climbing needs. The safety label provides valuable information that can help you make an informed decision and ensure your safety while climbing.

6. Manufacturer’s Recommendations

While safety standards and certifications are important, it is also essential to follow the manufacturer’s recommendations and guidelines for the specific climbing harness you choose. Each harness may have its own unique features, limitations, and instructions for use.

Read the manufacturer’s instructions carefully and familiarize yourself with the proper use and maintenance of the harness. Follow the recommended inspection and care procedures to ensure the longevity and safety of your climbing harness.

Remember, safety should always be the top priority when it comes to climbing. By choosing a climbing harness that meets the highest safety standards and certifications, you can enjoy your climbing adventures with peace of mind.

VIII. Common Mistakes to Avoid When Choosing a Climbing Harness

Choosing the right climbing harness is crucial for your safety and comfort while scaling the heights. However, there are several common mistakes that climbers often make when selecting a harness. In this section, we will discuss these mistakes and provide insights to help you avoid them.

1. Neglecting Proper Sizing

One of the most common mistakes climbers make is neglecting to choose a harness that fits them properly. It is essential to select a harness that is the right size for your body. A harness that is too loose can lead to discomfort and potential injury, while a harness that is too tight can restrict your movement and cause discomfort during long climbs.

To ensure the correct fit, take accurate measurements of your waist and leg loops. Refer to the manufacturer’s sizing chart and choose a harness that aligns with your measurements. It’s also a good idea to try on different harnesses before making a purchase to find the one that feels the most comfortable and secure.

2. Ignoring Safety Features

Safety should be your top priority when choosing a climbing harness. Ignoring safety features can put you at risk during your climbs. Look for harnesses that have sturdy construction, reinforced tie-in points, and reliable buckles. Additionally, consider harnesses that have a belay loop and adjustable leg loops for added safety and versatility.

It’s also important to check for certifications such as UIAA or CE to ensure that the harness meets industry safety standards. Don’t compromise on safety features to save a few bucks; investing in a high-quality harness is essential for your well-being.

3. Overlooking Comfort

Comfort plays a significant role in your climbing experience. Overlooking comfort when choosing a harness can lead to discomfort and distraction during your climbs. Look for harnesses that have padded waist belts and leg loops to provide cushioning and reduce pressure points.

Consider the type of climbing you will be doing and choose a harness that suits your needs. For longer climbs or multi-pitch routes, a lightweight and breathable harness may be more comfortable. Additionally, adjustable leg loops can provide a customized fit and enhance overall comfort.

4. Focusing Only on Price

While it’s important to consider your budget when purchasing a climbing harness, focusing solely on price can be a mistake. Cheaper harnesses may lack essential safety features or compromise on comfort. Remember, your safety should always come first.

Instead of solely considering the price, look for harnesses that offer a balance between safety, comfort, and affordability. Research different brands and read reviews to find a harness that provides the best value for your money.

5. Not Considering the Type of Climbing

Each type of climbing requires a specific type of harness. Not considering the type of climbing you will be doing can result in choosing an ill-suited harness. Different harnesses are designed for sport climbing, trad climbing, or mountaineering.

For sport climbing, a lightweight and minimalistic harness with a focus on comfort and mobility is ideal. Trad climbers may prefer a harness with more gear loops and additional padding for long days on the wall. Mountaineering harnesses are designed to accommodate bulky clothing and equipment.

Take the time to assess the type of climbing you will be doing and choose a harness that is specifically designed for that purpose. This will ensure that you have the right features and functionality to enhance your climbing experience.

6. Not Seeking Professional Advice

If you are new to climbing or unsure about choosing the right harness, seeking professional advice can be invaluable. Reach out to experienced climbers, join a climbing community, or consult with a climbing instructor or guide. They can provide guidance and recommendations based on their expertise and firsthand experience.

Don’t hesitate to ask questions and seek advice from those with more experience. They can help you navigate the overwhelming options and make an informed decision.

By avoiding these common mistakes when choosing a climbing harness, you can ensure your safety, comfort, and enjoyment while pursuing your climbing adventures. Remember, investing in a high-quality harness that meets your specific needs is essential for a successful and fulfilling climbing experience.

IX. Frequently Asked Questions about Climbing Harnesses

1. What is a climbing harness?

A climbing harness is a piece of equipment designed to secure a climber to a rope and protect them in the event of a fall. It consists of waist and leg loops that distribute the force of a fall evenly across the body, reducing the risk of injury. Climbing harnesses are essential for any type of climbing, whether it’s rock climbing, ice climbing, or mountaineering.

2. How do I choose the right size climbing harness?

Choosing the right size climbing harness is crucial for comfort and safety. To determine your size, measure your waist and leg circumference using a tape measure. Most harnesses have adjustable waist and leg loops, but it’s important to find a harness that fits snugly without being too tight. Try on different harnesses and make sure they provide a secure and comfortable fit before making a purchase.

3. What features should I look for in a climbing harness?

When choosing a climbing harness, there are several features to consider:

• Padding: Look for harnesses with adequate padding in the waist and leg loops for added comfort during long climbs.
• Gear loops: Check for enough gear loops to accommodate your climbing equipment, such as carabiners, quickdraws, and cams.
• Adjustability: Ensure the harness has adjustable leg loops and waist belt for a customized fit.
• Weight: Consider the weight of the harness, especially if you’re planning on multi-pitch climbs or long alpine routes.

4. Can I use a climbing harness for other activities?

While climbing harnesses are primarily designed for climbing, they can also be used for other activities such as via ferrata, canyoneering, and industrial work at heights. However, it’s important to check the manufacturer’s guidelines and ensure the harness is suitable for the specific activity you intend to use it for.

5. How often should I replace my climbing harness?

Climbing harnesses have a limited lifespan due to wear and tear, exposure to UV rays, and the potential for damage from falls. It’s recommended to replace your climbing harness every 5-7 years, or sooner if you notice any signs of damage or excessive wear. Regularly inspect your harness for frayed webbing, worn stitching, or any other signs of deterioration.

6. Can I wash my climbing harness?

Yes, you can wash your climbing harness to remove dirt and sweat. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for cleaning, as different harnesses may require different methods. In general, hand washing with mild soap and warm water is recommended. Avoid using harsh chemicals or machine washing, as this can damage the harness.

7. How should I store my climbing harness?

Store your climbing harness in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Avoid storing it in extreme temperatures or damp environments, as this can weaken the materials. Hang the harness or lay it flat to prevent any kinks or twists in the webbing. Regularly inspect the harness for any signs of damage before each use.

8. Can I use a second-hand climbing harness?

It is generally not recommended to use a second-hand climbing harness unless you can verify its history and ensure it has not been subjected to any damage or excessive wear. The safety of a climbing harness depends on its integrity, and without knowing its full history, there may be hidden risks. It’s best to invest in a new harness to guarantee its safety and reliability.

9. Are there different types of climbing harnesses?

Yes, there are different types of climbing harnesses designed for specific types of climbing:

• Sport climbing harnesses: These harnesses are lightweight and minimalist, designed for quick and easy clipping of bolts during sport climbing.
• Trad climbing harnesses: These harnesses have more gear loops and padding for carrying a larger rack of gear during traditional climbing.
• Alpine climbing harnesses: These harnesses are lightweight and versatile, suitable for alpine and mountaineering adventures.
• Ice climbing harnesses: These harnesses have additional padding and features to accommodate ice screws and other ice climbing equipment.

10. Can I use a climbing harness for indoor climbing?

Yes, you can use a climbing harness for indoor climbing. However, keep in mind that indoor climbing may have specific requirements or restrictions, such as the use of a belay device or a specific type of harness. Check with the indoor climbing facility or gym for their guidelines and recommendations.